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癌症|生物进化的选择：癌症长满生命之树( 二 )


“单细胞”和“多细胞”基因之间的守门基因从演化时间上来讲是最新的[21]，它们令像人类和大象这样的大型、长寿的生命形式得以平衡细胞自由和细胞控制在整个生命周期中的相互冲突，使它们互相妥协 。这些基因可以帮助生物体动态地管理不断变化的力量，否则这些力量就会让本来就很困难的走钢索变得更加不稳定 。
参考文献
[1] Joshua D. Schiffman and Matthew Breen, “Comparative Oncology: What Dogs and Other Species Can Teach Us about Humans with Cancer,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1673 ( July 2015).
[2] J. M. Fleming, K. E. Creevy, and D. E. L. Promislow, “Mortality in North American Dogs from 1984 to 2004: An Investigation into Age-, Size-, and Breed-Related Causes of Death,” Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25, no. 2 (March 2011): 187–98; Jane Green et al., “Height and Cancer Incidence in the Million Women Study: Prospective Cohort, and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies of Height and Total Cancer Risk,” Lancet Oncology 12, no. 8 (August 2011): 785–94; Sara Wirén et al., “Pooled Cohort Study on Height and Risk of Cancer and Cancer Death,” Cancer Causes and Control 25, no. 2 (February 2014): 151–59.
[3] Lisa M. Abegglen et al., “Potential Mechanisms for Cancer Resistance in Elephants and Comparative Cellular Response to DNA Damage in Humans,” Journal of the American Medical Association 314, no. 17 (November 2015): 1850–60.
[4] R. Peto et al., “Cancer and Ageing in Mice and Men,” British Journal of Cancer 32, no. 4 (October 1975): 411–26; Richard Peto, “Epidemiology, Multistage Models, and Short-Term Mutagenicity Tests,” International Journal of Epidemiology 45, no. 3 (1977): 621–37.
[5] C. A. Aktipis et al. “Cancer across the Tree of Life: Cooperation and Cheating in Multicellularity.” Philosophical Transasctions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370 (2015).
[6] G. N. Agrios, Plant Pathology (Boston: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005), 922; Philip R. White and Armin C. Braun, “A Cancerous Neoplasm of Plants: Autonomous Bacteria-Free Crown-Gall Tissue,” Cancer Research 2, no. 9 (1942): 597–617.
[7] George T. Eisenhoffer et al., “Crowding Induces Live Cell Extrusion to Maintain Homeostatic Cell Numbers in Epithelia,” Nature 484, no. 7395 (April 2012): 546–49.
[8] Fleming, Creevy, and Promislow, “Mortality in North American Dogs from 1984 to 2004.”
[9] Green et al., “Height and Cancer Incidence in the Million Women Study”; Wirén et al., “Pooled Cohort Study on Height and Risk of Cancer and Cancer Death.”
[10] Leonard Nunney et al., “Peto’s Paradox and the Promise of Comparative Oncology,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1673 (July 2015).
[11] Peto, “Epidemiology, Multistage Models, and Short-Term Mutagenicity Tests.”
[12] Abegglen et al., “Potential Mechanisms for Cancer Resistance in Elephants and Comparative Cellular Response to DNA Damage in Humans”; A. F. Caulin and C. C. Maley. “Peto’s Paradox: Evolution’s Prescription for Cancer Prevention.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26, no. 4 (February 2011): 175–82.
[13] Boddy et al., “Cancer Susceptibility and Reproductive Trade-Offs”; P. A. Johnson and J. R. Giles, “The Hen as a Model of Ovarian Cancer,” Nature Reviews Cancer 13, no. 6 (2013): 432–36.
[14] Robert A. Pierce II, Jason Sumners, and Emily Flinn, “Antler Development in White-Tailed Deer: Implications for Management,” University of Missouri Extension, January 2012
[15] Yu Wang et al., “Genetic Basis of Ruminant Headgear and Rapid Antler Regeneration,” Science 364, no. 6446 ( June 2019).
[16] Wang et al., “Genetic Basis of Ruminant Headgear and Rapid Antler Regeneration.”
[17] Boddy et al., “Cancer Susceptibility and Reproductive Trade-Offs.”

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