文章目录
- 前言
- 一、反向传播1轮，检验PPT数值
- 二、增加到5轮，测试收敛
- 三、改变步长（1变为50），看收敛速度
- 四、扩展到N轮，步长=5，训练N=1000次，查看效果
- 五、代码优化
- 总结
- 参考博客
前言
反向传播（英语：Backpropagation，缩写为BP）是“误差反向传播”的简称，是一种与最优化方法（如梯度下降法）结合使用的，用来训练人工神经网络的常见方法。 该方法对网络中所有权重计算损失函数的梯度。 这个梯度会反馈给最优化方法，用来更新权值以最小化损失函数。
文章图片
输入值：x1, x2 = 0.5，0.3
输出值：y1, y2 =0.23， -0.07
激活函数：sigmoid
损失函数：MSE
初始权值：0.2 -0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 -0.5 -0.3 0.8
目标：通过反向传播优化权值
一、反向传播1轮，检验PPT数值 =正向计算：h1, h2, o1 ,o2=
0.56 0.5 0.48 0.53
=损失函数：均方误差=
0.21
=反向传播：误差传给每个权值=
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.07
=更新前的权值=
0.2 -0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 -0.5 -0.3 0.8
=更新后的权值=
0.19 -0.41 0.49 0.59 0.07 -0.58 -0.33 0.73
代码如下：
import numpy as npdef sigmoid(z):
a = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
return aif __name__ == "__main__":
w1 = 0.2
w2 = -0.4
w3 = 0.5
w4 = 0.6
w5 = 0.1
w6 = -0.5
w7 = -0.3
w8 = 0.8x1 = 0.5
x2 = 0.3y1 = 0.23
y2 = -0.07print("=====输入值：x1, x2；真实输出值：y1, y2=====")
print(x1, x2, y1, y2)in_h1 = w1 * x1 + w3 * x2
out_h1 = sigmoid(in_h1)
in_h2 = w2 * x1 + w4 * x2
out_h2 = sigmoid(in_h2)in_o1 = w5 * out_h1 + w7 * out_h2
out_o1 = sigmoid(in_o1)
in_o2 = w6 * out_h1 + w8 * out_h2
out_o2 = sigmoid(in_o2)print("=====正向计算：h1, h2, o1 ,o2=====")
print(round(out_h1, 2), round(out_h2, 2), round(out_o1, 2), round(out_o2, 2))error = (1 / 2) * (out_o1 - y1)**2 + (1 / 2) * (out_o2 - y2)**2print("=====损失函数：均方误差=====")
print(round(error, 2))# 反向传播
d_o1 = out_o1 - y1
d_o2 = out_o2 - y2
# print(round(d_o1, 2), round(d_o2, 2))d_w5 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h1
d_w7 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w5, 2), round(d_w7, 2))
d_w6 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h1
d_w8 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w6, 2), round(d_w8, 2))d_w1 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x1
d_w3 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x2
# print(round(d_w1, 2), round(d_w3, 2))d_w2 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x1
d_w4 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x2
# print(round(d_w2, 2), round(d_w4, 2))
print("=====反向传播：误差传给每个权值=====")
print(round(d_w1, 2), round(d_w2, 2), round(d_w3, 2), round(d_w4, 2), round(d_w5, 2), round(d_w6, 2), round(d_w7, 2),
round(d_w8, 2))print("=====更新前的权值=====")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))w1 = w1 - d_w1
w2 = w2 - d_w2
w3 = w3 - d_w3
w4 = w4 - d_w4
w5 = w5 - d_w5
w6 = w6 - d_w6
w7 = w7 - d_w7
w8 = w8 - d_w8print("=====更新后的权值=====")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))
输出结果：
文章图片
二、增加到5轮，测试收敛 =第6轮=
正向计算：h1, h2, o1 ,o2
0.55 0.48 0.44 0.43
损失函数：均方误差
0.15
代码如下：
import numpy as npdef sigmoid(z):
a = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
return adef forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):
in_h1 = w1 * x1 + w3 * x2
out_h1 = sigmoid(in_h1)
in_h2 = w2 * x1 + w4 * x2
out_h2 = sigmoid(in_h2)in_o1 = w5 * out_h1 + w7 * out_h2
out_o1 = sigmoid(in_o1)
in_o2 = w6 * out_h1 + w8 * out_h2
out_o2 = sigmoid(in_o2)print("正向计算：h1, h2, o1 ,o2")
print(round(out_h1, 2), round(out_h2, 2), round(out_o1, 2), round(out_o2, 2))error = (1 / 2) * (out_o1 - y1) ** 2 + (1 / 2) * (out_o2 - y2) ** 2print("损失函数：均方误差")
print(round(error, 2))return out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2def back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2):
# 反向传播
d_o1 = out_o1 - y1
d_o2 = out_o2 - y2
# print(round(d_o1, 2), round(d_o2, 2))d_w5 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h1
d_w7 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w5, 2), round(d_w7, 2))
d_w6 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h1
d_w8 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w6, 2), round(d_w8, 2))d_w1 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x1
d_w3 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x2
# print(round(d_w1, 2), round(d_w3, 2))d_w2 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x1
d_w4 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x2
# print(round(d_w2, 2), round(d_w4, 2))
print("反向传播：误差传给每个权值")
print(round(d_w1, 2), round(d_w2, 2), round(d_w3, 2), round(d_w4, 2), round(d_w5, 2), round(d_w6, 2),
round(d_w7, 2), round(d_w8, 2))return d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8if __name__ == "__main__":
w1 = 0.2
w2 = -0.4
w3 = 0.5
w4 = 0.6
w5 = 0.1
w6 = -0.5
w7 = -0.3
w8 = 0.8
x1 = 0.5
x2 = 0.3
y1 = 0.23
y2 = -0.07
print("=====输入值：x1, x2；真实输出值：y1, y2=====")
print(x1, x2, y1, y2)
print("=====更新前的权值=====")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)# 步长
step = 1w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8print("第1轮更新后的权值")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))print("=====第2轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8print("=====第3轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8print("=====第4轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8print("=====第5轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8print("=====第6轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
print("更新后的权值")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))
输出结果：
文章图片
文章图片
文章图片
三、改变步长（1变为50），看收敛速度 =第6轮=
正向计算：o1 ,o2
0.23 0.03
损失函数：均方误差
0.01
代码如下：
import numpy as npdef sigmoid(z):
a = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
return adef forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):
in_h1 = w1 * x1 + w3 * x2
out_h1 = sigmoid(in_h1)
in_h2 = w2 * x1 + w4 * x2
out_h2 = sigmoid(in_h2)in_o1 = w5 * out_h1 + w7 * out_h2
out_o1 = sigmoid(in_o1)
in_o2 = w6 * out_h1 + w8 * out_h2
out_o2 = sigmoid(in_o2)print("正向计算：o1 ,o2")
print(round(out_o1, 2), round(out_o2, 2))error = (1 / 2) * (out_o1 - y1) ** 2 + (1 / 2) * (out_o2 - y2) ** 2print("损失函数：均方误差")
print(round(error, 2))return out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2def back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2):
# 反向传播
d_o1 = out_o1 - y1
d_o2 = out_o2 - y2
# print(round(d_o1, 2), round(d_o2, 2))d_w5 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h1
d_w7 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w5, 2), round(d_w7, 2))
d_w6 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h1
d_w8 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w6, 2), round(d_w8, 2))d_w1 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x1
d_w3 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x2
# print(round(d_w1, 2), round(d_w3, 2))d_w2 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x1
d_w4 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x2
# print(round(d_w2, 2), round(d_w4, 2))
print("反向传播：误差传给每个权值")
print(round(d_w1, 2), round(d_w2, 2), round(d_w3, 2), round(d_w4, 2), round(d_w5, 2), round(d_w6, 2),
round(d_w7, 2), round(d_w8, 2))return d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8def update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):
# 步长
step = 50
w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8
return w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8if __name__ == "__main__":
w1 = 0.2
w2 = -0.4
w3 = 0.5
w4 = 0.6
w5 = 0.1
w6 = -0.5
w7 = -0.3
w8 = 0.8
x1 = 0.5
x2 = 0.3
y1 = 0.23
y2 = -0.07
print("=====输入值：x1, x2；真实输出值：y1, y2=====")
print(x1, x2, y1, y2)
print("=====更新前的权值=====")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)print("第1轮更新后的权值")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))print("=====第2轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)print("=====第3轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)print("=====第4轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)print("=====第5轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)print("=====第6轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
print("更新后的权值")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))
输出结果：
文章图片
文章图片
四、扩展到N轮，步长=5，训练N=1000次，查看效果 =第999轮=
正向计算：o1 ,o2
0.23038 0.00954
损失函数：均方误差
0.00316
代码如下：
import numpy as npdef sigmoid(z):
a = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
return adef forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):
in_h1 = w1 * x1 + w3 * x2
out_h1 = sigmoid(in_h1)
in_h2 = w2 * x1 + w4 * x2
out_h2 = sigmoid(in_h2)in_o1 = w5 * out_h1 + w7 * out_h2
out_o1 = sigmoid(in_o1)
in_o2 = w6 * out_h1 + w8 * out_h2
out_o2 = sigmoid(in_o2)print("正向计算：o1 ,o2")
print(round(out_o1, 5), round(out_o2, 5))error = (1 / 2) * (out_o1 - y1) ** 2 + (1 / 2) * (out_o2 - y2) ** 2print("损失函数：均方误差")
print(round(error, 5))return out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2def back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2):
# 反向传播
d_o1 = out_o1 - y1
d_o2 = out_o2 - y2
# print(round(d_o1, 2), round(d_o2, 2))d_w5 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h1
d_w7 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w5, 2), round(d_w7, 2))
d_w6 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h1
d_w8 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h2
# print(round(d_w6, 2), round(d_w8, 2))d_w1 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x1
d_w3 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x2
# print(round(d_w1, 2), round(d_w3, 2))d_w2 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x1
d_w4 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x2
# print(round(d_w2, 2), round(d_w4, 2))
print("反向传播：误差传给每个权值")
print(round(d_w1, 5), round(d_w2, 5), round(d_w3, 5), round(d_w4, 5), round(d_w5, 5), round(d_w6, 5),
round(d_w7, 5), round(d_w8, 5))return d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8def update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):
# 步长
step = 5
w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8
return w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8if __name__ == "__main__":
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = 0.2, -0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.1, -0.5, -0.3, 0.8
x1, x2 = 0.5, 0.3
y1, y2 = 0.23, -0.07
print("=====输入值：x1, x2；真实输出值：y1, y2=====")
print(x1, x2, y1, y2)
print("=====更新前的权值=====")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))for i in range(1000):
print("=====第" + str(i) + "轮=====")
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2 = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)print("更新后的权值")
print(round(w1, 2), round(w2, 2), round(w3, 2), round(w4, 2), round(w5, 2), round(w6, 2), round(w7, 2),
round(w8, 2))
输出结果：
文章图片
五、代码优化 【人工智能|人工智能基础作业2】修改输出值y2为正，收敛效果很好。
原因是：sigmoid，输出值应在（0,1）区间，所以最开始的假设 y2=-0.07，在这个模型里，无法很好的拟合。
优化后的代码：
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltdef sigmoid(z):
a = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
return adef forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8): # 正向传播
in_h1 = w1 * x1 + w3 * x2
out_h1 = sigmoid(in_h1)
in_h2 = w2 * x1 + w4 * x2
out_h2 = sigmoid(in_h2)in_o1 = w5 * out_h1 + w7 * out_h2
out_o1 = sigmoid(in_o1)
in_o2 = w6 * out_h1 + w8 * out_h2
out_o2 = sigmoid(in_o2)error = (1 / 2) * (out_o1 - y1) ** 2 + (1 / 2) * (out_o2 - y2) ** 2return out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2, errordef back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2):# 反向传播
d_o1 = out_o1 - y1
d_o2 = out_o2 - y2d_w5 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h1
d_w7 = d_o1 * out_o1 * (1 - out_o1) * out_h2
d_w6 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h1
d_w8 = d_o2 * out_o2 * (1 - out_o2) * out_h2d_w1 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x1
d_w3 = (d_w5 + d_w6) * out_h1 * (1 - out_h1) * x2
d_w2 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x1
d_w4 = (d_w7 + d_w8) * out_h2 * (1 - out_h2) * x2return d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8def update_w(step,w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8):#梯度下降，更新权值
w1 = w1 - step * d_w1
w2 = w2 - step * d_w2
w3 = w3 - step * d_w3
w4 = w4 - step * d_w4
w5 = w5 - step * d_w5
w6 = w6 - step * d_w6
w7 = w7 - step * d_w7
w8 = w8 - step * d_w8
return w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8if __name__ == "__main__":
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = 0.2, -0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.1, -0.5, -0.3, 0.8 # 可以给随机值，为配合PPT，给的指定值
x1, x2 = 0.5, 0.3# 输入值
y1, y2 = 0.23, -0.07 # 正数可以准确收敛；负数不行。why? 因为用sigmoid输出，y1, y2 在 （0,1）范围内。
N = 10# 迭代次数
step = 10# 步长print("输入值：x1, x2；",x1, x2, "输出值：y1, y2:", y1, y2)
eli = []
lli = []
for i in range(N):
print("=====第" + str(i) + "轮=====")
# 正向传播
out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2, error = forward_propagate(x1, x2, y1, y2, w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
print("正向传播:", round(out_o1, 5), round(out_o2, 5))
print("损失函数：", round(error, 2))
# 反向传播
d_w1, d_w2, d_w3, d_w4, d_w5, d_w6, d_w7, d_w8 = back_propagate(out_o1, out_o2, out_h1, out_h2)
# 梯度下降，更新权值
w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8 = update_w(step,w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7, w8)
eli.append(i)
lli.append(error)plt.plot(eli, lli)
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.xlabel('w')
plt.show()
输出结果：
文章图片
总结 输出误差（某种形式）－>隐层（逐层）－>输入层 其主要目的是通过将输出误差反传，将误差分摊给各层所有单元，从而获得各层单元的误差信号，进而修正各单元的权值（其过程，是一个权值调整的过程）。
注2：权值调整的过程，也就是网络的学习训练过程（学习也就是这么的由来，权值调整）。
1）初始化
2）输入训练样本对，计算各层输出
3）计算网络输出误差
4）计算各层误差信号
5）调整各层权值
6）检查网络总误差是否达到精度要求
满足，则训练结束；不满足，则返回步骤2。
参考博客 【人工智能导论：模型与算法】MOOC 8.3 误差后向传播(BP) 例题 编程验证
误差反向传播算法
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